
Global Pawn Shop Market - Industry Dynamics, Size, And Opportunity Forecast To 2030
Report ID: MS-247 | Business finance | Last updated: Dec, 2024 | Formats*:

Pawn Shop Report Highlights
Report Metrics | Details |
---|---|
Forecast period | 2019-2030 |
Base Year Of Estimation | 2023 |
Growth Rate | CAGR of 3.6% |
Forecast Value (2030) | USD 50.67 Billion |
By Product Type | Consumer Lending, Used Goods Retailing, Appraising Items for Purchase or Pawn |
Key Market Players |
|
By Region |
|
Pawn Shop Market Trends
There is a move towards digitisation and online platforms in pawn shops where a customer can pawn or buy items via e-commerce websites and mobile apps. This rapid trend is brought about by the fact that the younger generation prefers convenience and accessibility when it comes to things they sell and buy. Pawn shops integrate advanced technologies that include appraisals, inventory tracking in real time, and improved customer services from each transaction. Increasingly, a major trend affecting the pawn shop market is the rising demand for short-term funds, especially during imminent or current depressions. Inflation and job insecurities have left such consumers with excess cash on hand; however, their disposable income is affected. Thus, they are punters rushing for collateralised loans without credit checks. In urban and underserved areas, this is most common because pawnshops have become a major source of such financial services.Pawn Shop Market Leading Players
The key players profiled in the report are American Jewelry and Loan, Borro, Browns Pawnbrokers (UK), Cash America International Inc., Cash Canada, Central Mega Pawn, Empire Pawn of Nassau Inc., Pawn America, Prestige Pawnbrokers, Quik Pawn Shop, SuperPawn, USA Pawn & Jewelry, Value Pawn & Jewelry Thermo., EZCORP Inc., First Cash Financial Services Inc., Gold & Silver Pawn Shop, LoanMart, Maxferd Jewelry & Loan, National Pawnbrokers Association (NPA), New Bond Street Pawnbrokers (UK)Growth Accelerators
The pawn shop marketplace has primarily become embroiled with increased demand for secured, short-term loans; this particularly happens in periods of economic decline. During such times, most individuals and small businesses have to make a shift to pawn shops for quick cash because of the absence of credit checks when loans are availed. This kind of service facility is quite popular with the target population, especially those who do not have full access to mainstream credit offerings, because it allows them to vary the other terms of such loans. Growing interest in the buying-sell aspect also excitingly drives pawned items, e.g., ornaments, electronic goods, and collectibles. The pawnshop has served as both a market and a financial establishment where people would sell their stuff or exchange it for cash. The rise of online pawn shops and sites makes it even wider and easier for people to pawn interactively.Pawn Shop Market Segmentation analysis
The Global Pawn Shop is segmented by Type, Application, and Region. By Type, the market is divided into Distributed Consumer Lending, Used Goods Retailing, Appraising Items for Purchase or Pawn . The Application segment categorizes the market based on its usage such as Individual, Commerical. Geographically, the market is assessed across key Regions like North America (United States, Canada, Mexico), South America (Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Rest of South America), Europe (Germany, France, Italy, United Kingdom, Benelux, Nordics, Rest of Europe), Asia Pacific (China, Japan, India, South Korea, Australia, Southeast Asia, Rest of Asia-Pacific), MEA (Middle East, Africa) and others, each presenting distinct growth opportunities and challenges influenced by the regions.Competitive Landscape
In fact, this pawn shop market is such that it is highly fragmented, with large chains, independents, and small, locally owned shops competing for pawn customers. Major players EZCorp, FirstCash, and Pawn America dominate the industry mostly through established brands and broad geographic presence combined with access to capital. These attributes allow them to offer more competitive interest or collateral terms along with additional activities such as check cashing or retail sales. Economies of scale enjoyed by these larger chains translate into better terms and service for consumers, which end up creating loyalty.Challenges In Pawn Shop Market
Public perception and regulatory constraints are some of the challenges that the pawn shop market faces. The stereotypes, such as the belief that pawn shops are options "only as a last resort" or the stigma surrounding items of dubious origin, discourage people from availing themselves of such services. Along with this, pawn shops frequently have to go through the pinch of a constant stream of high-quality inventory. In addition to these, pawn shops are subject to strict laws in different regions, such as the regulation of record-keeping and compliance with anti-money laundering (AML) and other consumer protection laws. These laws often incur extra costs and operational burdens on even smaller shops without the capital to facilitate complicated adherence procedures.Risks & Prospects in Pawn Shop Market
The uncertainty in the economic climate and the growing demand for easy, quick cash solutions present exciting opportunities in the pawn shop market. Instead of turning to banks or credit unions, pawn shops offer the perfect alternative to most people as they collaborate amid financial woes. This type of market highly supports people with little access to credit because there are no credit checks here, and you can get a speedy collateral-based loan. Another is being able to leverage the growing prices for collectibles and precious metals that pawn shops can further do to widen their customer base. Items such as expensive jewellery, high-end electronics, and collectibles are pawned mainly because the merchant's resale value is sought after. Selling used goods becomes a growing market, thus creating an avenue for the pawn shop to profit by selling items on resale and increasing profit streams.Key Target Audience
Pawn shops usually offer their services to people who need fast cash or do not have access to any traditional credit sources. It is generally composed of financially strapped individuals facing some type of economic emergencies or experiencing a temporary cash-flow problem, such as low-income earners, unbanked individuals, or people with bad credit records. Pawn shops do provide them the ability of getting quick cash through a brief borrowing course along the lines of a secured loan, thus making those of immediate necessity prefer this avenue since it would exempt them from long credit checks and approvals.,, Another good target audience for pawn shops consists of individuals looking to buy or sell second-hand items at a good price, including jewellery, electronics, or musical instruments. This segment includes bargain hunters, collectors, and even those looking for cheap items. Also, there are people who wish to sell valuables like gold, silver, and luxury watches as a means of quick liquidation who will also approach pawn shops.Merger and acquisition
Recent strategic advances undertaken by some of the most important players towards the expansion of their business operations and the development of their services have been evidenced by new acquisitions or mergers in the pawn market. EZCORP, Inc. has a definitive agreement for the acquisition of 53 pawn stores in Mexico by Presta Dinero, otherwise referred to as Auto Dinero. The deal values the diversification for EZCORP as an addition to auto pawn and title pawn transactions and is expected to finalise by October 31, 2024. The deal is expected to bolster EZCORP's bio-geographic footprint in a core market, create another point of attraction to new customer demographics, and tap into higher-value collateral in auto pawn transactions. In addition, FirstCash Holdings, Inc. has been expanding its footprint through acquisitions. He noted that the company picked up 36 pawn stores for around $82 million and added 16 new ones in the third quarter of 2024 alone. This strategy is meant to significantly increase the store count of FirstCash, targeting 90 to 100 more locations for the year. >Analyst Comment
"A pawn shop market refers to a portion of the financial services industry that is geared toward short-term loans to individuals in exchange for personal property. This market segment caters to people who may have a hard time getting loans from a regular bank or need some cash immediately. Rather, the pawn shop market is a sprawling network of small, individually owned, and locally rooted businesses, most of which dot the older urban landscape. They serve as a quick, informal source of credit, as well as providing for some people that they either do not like to use or simply cannot get along with traditional lending. In as much as these pawn shops have been quite criticised about their interest rates and exploitable potential, they still remain a very important financial lifeline for so many people."- 1.1 Report description
- 1.2 Key market segments
- 1.3 Key benefits to the stakeholders
2: Executive Summary
- 2.1 Pawn Shop- Snapshot
- 2.2 Pawn Shop- Segment Snapshot
- 2.3 Pawn Shop- Competitive Landscape Snapshot
3: Market Overview
- 3.1 Market definition and scope
- 3.2 Key findings
- 3.2.1 Top impacting factors
- 3.2.2 Top investment pockets
- 3.3 Porter’s five forces analysis
- 3.3.1 Low bargaining power of suppliers
- 3.3.2 Low threat of new entrants
- 3.3.3 Low threat of substitutes
- 3.3.4 Low intensity of rivalry
- 3.3.5 Low bargaining power of buyers
- 3.4 Market dynamics
- 3.4.1 Drivers
- 3.4.2 Restraints
- 3.4.3 Opportunities
4: Pawn Shop Market by Type
- 4.1 Overview
- 4.1.1 Market size and forecast
- 4.2 Consumer Lending
- 4.2.1 Key market trends, factors driving growth, and opportunities
- 4.2.2 Market size and forecast, by region
- 4.2.3 Market share analysis by country
- 4.3 Used Goods Retailing
- 4.3.1 Key market trends, factors driving growth, and opportunities
- 4.3.2 Market size and forecast, by region
- 4.3.3 Market share analysis by country
- 4.4 Appraising Items for Purchase or Pawn
- 4.4.1 Key market trends, factors driving growth, and opportunities
- 4.4.2 Market size and forecast, by region
- 4.4.3 Market share analysis by country
5: Pawn Shop Market by Application / by End Use
- 5.1 Overview
- 5.1.1 Market size and forecast
- 5.2 Individual
- 5.2.1 Key market trends, factors driving growth, and opportunities
- 5.2.2 Market size and forecast, by region
- 5.2.3 Market share analysis by country
- 5.3 Commerical
- 5.3.1 Key market trends, factors driving growth, and opportunities
- 5.3.2 Market size and forecast, by region
- 5.3.3 Market share analysis by country
6: Pawn Shop Market by Product
- 6.1 Overview
- 6.1.1 Market size and forecast
- 6.2 Jewelry & Accessories
- 6.2.1 Key market trends, factors driving growth, and opportunities
- 6.2.2 Market size and forecast, by region
- 6.2.3 Market share analysis by country
- 6.3 Electronic Tools
- 6.3.1 Key market trends, factors driving growth, and opportunities
- 6.3.2 Market size and forecast, by region
- 6.3.3 Market share analysis by country
- 6.4 Collectibles
- 6.4.1 Key market trends, factors driving growth, and opportunities
- 6.4.2 Market size and forecast, by region
- 6.4.3 Market share analysis by country
- 6.5 Musical Instruments
- 6.5.1 Key market trends, factors driving growth, and opportunities
- 6.5.2 Market size and forecast, by region
- 6.5.3 Market share analysis by country
7: Pawn Shop Market by Service
- 7.1 Overview
- 7.1.1 Market size and forecast
- 7.2 Loan
- 7.2.1 Key market trends, factors driving growth, and opportunities
- 7.2.2 Market size and forecast, by region
- 7.2.3 Market share analysis by country
- 7.3 Selling
- 7.3.1 Key market trends, factors driving growth, and opportunities
- 7.3.2 Market size and forecast, by region
- 7.3.3 Market share analysis by country
- 7.4 Buying
- 7.4.1 Key market trends, factors driving growth, and opportunities
- 7.4.2 Market size and forecast, by region
- 7.4.3 Market share analysis by country
8: Pawn Shop Market by Region
- 8.1 Overview
- 8.1.1 Market size and forecast By Region
- 8.2 North America
- 8.2.1 Key trends and opportunities
- 8.2.2 Market size and forecast, by Type
- 8.2.3 Market size and forecast, by Application
- 8.2.4 Market size and forecast, by country
- 8.2.4.1 United States
- 8.2.4.1.1 Key market trends, factors driving growth, and opportunities
- 8.2.4.1.2 Market size and forecast, by Type
- 8.2.4.1.3 Market size and forecast, by Application
- 8.2.4.2 Canada
- 8.2.4.2.1 Key market trends, factors driving growth, and opportunities
- 8.2.4.2.2 Market size and forecast, by Type
- 8.2.4.2.3 Market size and forecast, by Application
- 8.2.4.3 Mexico
- 8.2.4.3.1 Key market trends, factors driving growth, and opportunities
- 8.2.4.3.2 Market size and forecast, by Type
- 8.2.4.3.3 Market size and forecast, by Application
- 8.2.4.1 United States
- 8.3 South America
- 8.3.1 Key trends and opportunities
- 8.3.2 Market size and forecast, by Type
- 8.3.3 Market size and forecast, by Application
- 8.3.4 Market size and forecast, by country
- 8.3.4.1 Brazil
- 8.3.4.1.1 Key market trends, factors driving growth, and opportunities
- 8.3.4.1.2 Market size and forecast, by Type
- 8.3.4.1.3 Market size and forecast, by Application
- 8.3.4.2 Argentina
- 8.3.4.2.1 Key market trends, factors driving growth, and opportunities
- 8.3.4.2.2 Market size and forecast, by Type
- 8.3.4.2.3 Market size and forecast, by Application
- 8.3.4.3 Chile
- 8.3.4.3.1 Key market trends, factors driving growth, and opportunities
- 8.3.4.3.2 Market size and forecast, by Type
- 8.3.4.3.3 Market size and forecast, by Application
- 8.3.4.4 Rest of South America
- 8.3.4.4.1 Key market trends, factors driving growth, and opportunities
- 8.3.4.4.2 Market size and forecast, by Type
- 8.3.4.4.3 Market size and forecast, by Application
- 8.3.4.1 Brazil
- 8.4 Europe
- 8.4.1 Key trends and opportunities
- 8.4.2 Market size and forecast, by Type
- 8.4.3 Market size and forecast, by Application
- 8.4.4 Market size and forecast, by country
- 8.4.4.1 Germany
- 8.4.4.1.1 Key market trends, factors driving growth, and opportunities
- 8.4.4.1.2 Market size and forecast, by Type
- 8.4.4.1.3 Market size and forecast, by Application
- 8.4.4.2 France
- 8.4.4.2.1 Key market trends, factors driving growth, and opportunities
- 8.4.4.2.2 Market size and forecast, by Type
- 8.4.4.2.3 Market size and forecast, by Application
- 8.4.4.3 Italy
- 8.4.4.3.1 Key market trends, factors driving growth, and opportunities
- 8.4.4.3.2 Market size and forecast, by Type
- 8.4.4.3.3 Market size and forecast, by Application
- 8.4.4.4 United Kingdom
- 8.4.4.4.1 Key market trends, factors driving growth, and opportunities
- 8.4.4.4.2 Market size and forecast, by Type
- 8.4.4.4.3 Market size and forecast, by Application
- 8.4.4.5 Benelux
- 8.4.4.5.1 Key market trends, factors driving growth, and opportunities
- 8.4.4.5.2 Market size and forecast, by Type
- 8.4.4.5.3 Market size and forecast, by Application
- 8.4.4.6 Nordics
- 8.4.4.6.1 Key market trends, factors driving growth, and opportunities
- 8.4.4.6.2 Market size and forecast, by Type
- 8.4.4.6.3 Market size and forecast, by Application
- 8.4.4.7 Rest of Europe
- 8.4.4.7.1 Key market trends, factors driving growth, and opportunities
- 8.4.4.7.2 Market size and forecast, by Type
- 8.4.4.7.3 Market size and forecast, by Application
- 8.4.4.1 Germany
- 8.5 Asia Pacific
- 8.5.1 Key trends and opportunities
- 8.5.2 Market size and forecast, by Type
- 8.5.3 Market size and forecast, by Application
- 8.5.4 Market size and forecast, by country
- 8.5.4.1 China
- 8.5.4.1.1 Key market trends, factors driving growth, and opportunities
- 8.5.4.1.2 Market size and forecast, by Type
- 8.5.4.1.3 Market size and forecast, by Application
- 8.5.4.2 Japan
- 8.5.4.2.1 Key market trends, factors driving growth, and opportunities
- 8.5.4.2.2 Market size and forecast, by Type
- 8.5.4.2.3 Market size and forecast, by Application
- 8.5.4.3 India
- 8.5.4.3.1 Key market trends, factors driving growth, and opportunities
- 8.5.4.3.2 Market size and forecast, by Type
- 8.5.4.3.3 Market size and forecast, by Application
- 8.5.4.4 South Korea
- 8.5.4.4.1 Key market trends, factors driving growth, and opportunities
- 8.5.4.4.2 Market size and forecast, by Type
- 8.5.4.4.3 Market size and forecast, by Application
- 8.5.4.5 Australia
- 8.5.4.5.1 Key market trends, factors driving growth, and opportunities
- 8.5.4.5.2 Market size and forecast, by Type
- 8.5.4.5.3 Market size and forecast, by Application
- 8.5.4.6 Southeast Asia
- 8.5.4.6.1 Key market trends, factors driving growth, and opportunities
- 8.5.4.6.2 Market size and forecast, by Type
- 8.5.4.6.3 Market size and forecast, by Application
- 8.5.4.7 Rest of Asia-Pacific
- 8.5.4.7.1 Key market trends, factors driving growth, and opportunities
- 8.5.4.7.2 Market size and forecast, by Type
- 8.5.4.7.3 Market size and forecast, by Application
- 8.5.4.1 China
- 8.6 MEA
- 8.6.1 Key trends and opportunities
- 8.6.2 Market size and forecast, by Type
- 8.6.3 Market size and forecast, by Application
- 8.6.4 Market size and forecast, by country
- 8.6.4.1 Middle East
- 8.6.4.1.1 Key market trends, factors driving growth, and opportunities
- 8.6.4.1.2 Market size and forecast, by Type
- 8.6.4.1.3 Market size and forecast, by Application
- 8.6.4.2 Africa
- 8.6.4.2.1 Key market trends, factors driving growth, and opportunities
- 8.6.4.2.2 Market size and forecast, by Type
- 8.6.4.2.3 Market size and forecast, by Application
- 8.6.4.1 Middle East
- 9.1 Overview
- 9.2 Key Winning Strategies
- 9.3 Top 10 Players: Product Mapping
- 9.4 Competitive Analysis Dashboard
- 9.5 Market Competition Heatmap
- 9.6 Leading Player Positions, 2022
10: Company Profiles
- 10.1 American Jewelry and Loan
- 10.1.1 Company Overview
- 10.1.2 Key Executives
- 10.1.3 Company snapshot
- 10.1.4 Active Business Divisions
- 10.1.5 Product portfolio
- 10.1.6 Business performance
- 10.1.7 Major Strategic Initiatives and Developments
- 10.2 Borro
- 10.2.1 Company Overview
- 10.2.2 Key Executives
- 10.2.3 Company snapshot
- 10.2.4 Active Business Divisions
- 10.2.5 Product portfolio
- 10.2.6 Business performance
- 10.2.7 Major Strategic Initiatives and Developments
- 10.3 Browns Pawnbrokers (UK)
- 10.3.1 Company Overview
- 10.3.2 Key Executives
- 10.3.3 Company snapshot
- 10.3.4 Active Business Divisions
- 10.3.5 Product portfolio
- 10.3.6 Business performance
- 10.3.7 Major Strategic Initiatives and Developments
- 10.4 Cash America International Inc.
- 10.4.1 Company Overview
- 10.4.2 Key Executives
- 10.4.3 Company snapshot
- 10.4.4 Active Business Divisions
- 10.4.5 Product portfolio
- 10.4.6 Business performance
- 10.4.7 Major Strategic Initiatives and Developments
- 10.5 Cash Canada
- 10.5.1 Company Overview
- 10.5.2 Key Executives
- 10.5.3 Company snapshot
- 10.5.4 Active Business Divisions
- 10.5.5 Product portfolio
- 10.5.6 Business performance
- 10.5.7 Major Strategic Initiatives and Developments
- 10.6 Central Mega Pawn
- 10.6.1 Company Overview
- 10.6.2 Key Executives
- 10.6.3 Company snapshot
- 10.6.4 Active Business Divisions
- 10.6.5 Product portfolio
- 10.6.6 Business performance
- 10.6.7 Major Strategic Initiatives and Developments
- 10.7 Empire Pawn of Nassau Inc.
- 10.7.1 Company Overview
- 10.7.2 Key Executives
- 10.7.3 Company snapshot
- 10.7.4 Active Business Divisions
- 10.7.5 Product portfolio
- 10.7.6 Business performance
- 10.7.7 Major Strategic Initiatives and Developments
- 10.8 Pawn America
- 10.8.1 Company Overview
- 10.8.2 Key Executives
- 10.8.3 Company snapshot
- 10.8.4 Active Business Divisions
- 10.8.5 Product portfolio
- 10.8.6 Business performance
- 10.8.7 Major Strategic Initiatives and Developments
- 10.9 Prestige Pawnbrokers
- 10.9.1 Company Overview
- 10.9.2 Key Executives
- 10.9.3 Company snapshot
- 10.9.4 Active Business Divisions
- 10.9.5 Product portfolio
- 10.9.6 Business performance
- 10.9.7 Major Strategic Initiatives and Developments
- 10.10 Quik Pawn Shop
- 10.10.1 Company Overview
- 10.10.2 Key Executives
- 10.10.3 Company snapshot
- 10.10.4 Active Business Divisions
- 10.10.5 Product portfolio
- 10.10.6 Business performance
- 10.10.7 Major Strategic Initiatives and Developments
- 10.11 SuperPawn
- 10.11.1 Company Overview
- 10.11.2 Key Executives
- 10.11.3 Company snapshot
- 10.11.4 Active Business Divisions
- 10.11.5 Product portfolio
- 10.11.6 Business performance
- 10.11.7 Major Strategic Initiatives and Developments
- 10.12 USA Pawn & Jewelry
- 10.12.1 Company Overview
- 10.12.2 Key Executives
- 10.12.3 Company snapshot
- 10.12.4 Active Business Divisions
- 10.12.5 Product portfolio
- 10.12.6 Business performance
- 10.12.7 Major Strategic Initiatives and Developments
- 10.13 Value Pawn & Jewelry Thermo.
- 10.13.1 Company Overview
- 10.13.2 Key Executives
- 10.13.3 Company snapshot
- 10.13.4 Active Business Divisions
- 10.13.5 Product portfolio
- 10.13.6 Business performance
- 10.13.7 Major Strategic Initiatives and Developments
- 10.14 EZCORP Inc.
- 10.14.1 Company Overview
- 10.14.2 Key Executives
- 10.14.3 Company snapshot
- 10.14.4 Active Business Divisions
- 10.14.5 Product portfolio
- 10.14.6 Business performance
- 10.14.7 Major Strategic Initiatives and Developments
- 10.15 First Cash Financial Services Inc.
- 10.15.1 Company Overview
- 10.15.2 Key Executives
- 10.15.3 Company snapshot
- 10.15.4 Active Business Divisions
- 10.15.5 Product portfolio
- 10.15.6 Business performance
- 10.15.7 Major Strategic Initiatives and Developments
- 10.16 Gold & Silver Pawn Shop
- 10.16.1 Company Overview
- 10.16.2 Key Executives
- 10.16.3 Company snapshot
- 10.16.4 Active Business Divisions
- 10.16.5 Product portfolio
- 10.16.6 Business performance
- 10.16.7 Major Strategic Initiatives and Developments
- 10.17 LoanMart
- 10.17.1 Company Overview
- 10.17.2 Key Executives
- 10.17.3 Company snapshot
- 10.17.4 Active Business Divisions
- 10.17.5 Product portfolio
- 10.17.6 Business performance
- 10.17.7 Major Strategic Initiatives and Developments
- 10.18 Maxferd Jewelry & Loan
- 10.18.1 Company Overview
- 10.18.2 Key Executives
- 10.18.3 Company snapshot
- 10.18.4 Active Business Divisions
- 10.18.5 Product portfolio
- 10.18.6 Business performance
- 10.18.7 Major Strategic Initiatives and Developments
- 10.19 National Pawnbrokers Association (NPA)
- 10.19.1 Company Overview
- 10.19.2 Key Executives
- 10.19.3 Company snapshot
- 10.19.4 Active Business Divisions
- 10.19.5 Product portfolio
- 10.19.6 Business performance
- 10.19.7 Major Strategic Initiatives and Developments
- 10.20 New Bond Street Pawnbrokers (UK)
- 10.20.1 Company Overview
- 10.20.2 Key Executives
- 10.20.3 Company snapshot
- 10.20.4 Active Business Divisions
- 10.20.5 Product portfolio
- 10.20.6 Business performance
- 10.20.7 Major Strategic Initiatives and Developments
11: Analyst Perspective and Conclusion
- 11.1 Concluding Recommendations and Analysis
- 11.2 Strategies for Market Potential
Scope of Report
Aspects | Details |
---|---|
By Type |
|
By Application |
|
By Product |
|
By Service |
|
Report Licenses
Our Team


Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ):
What is the projected market size of Pawn Shop in 2030?
+
-
Which application type is expected to remain the largest segment in the Global Pawn Shop market?
+
-
How big is the Global Pawn Shop market?
+
-
How do regulatory policies impact the Pawn Shop Market?
+
-
What major players in Pawn Shop Market?
+
-
What applications are categorized in the Pawn Shop market study?
+
-
Which product types are examined in the Pawn Shop Market Study?
+
-
Which regions are expected to show the fastest growth in the Pawn Shop market?
+
-
Which application holds the second-highest market share in the Pawn Shop market?
+
-
What are the major growth drivers in the Pawn Shop market?
+
-